Ideologia, confiança institucional e representações sociais de universitários sobre o cenário político brasileiro de 2016-2017 / Ideology, institutional trust, and social representation of university students about the brazilian political scenery from 2016-2017 / Ideología, confianza institucional y representaciones sociales de universitarios sobre el escenario político brasileño de 2016-2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico-explicativo para as representações sociais sobre o cenário sociopolítico brasileiro de 2017, de acordo com as seguintes relações: as representações seriam influenciadas diretamente pela confiança nas instituições, e essa confiança, determinada pelas simpatias ideológicas. Participaram 164 estudantes universitários - cuja idade média era 24 anos - que responderam a escalas intervalares. Realizaram-se modelagens de equações estruturais para testar o modelo teórico proposto. Os resultados indicaram: adequabilidade do modelo; dois grupos de variáveis apresentando relações positivas entre as variáveis do mesmo grupo e negativas na comparação intergrupos. No primeiro grupo constaram as variáveis: ideias-força de esquerda, confiança nos movimentos sociais, avaliação do governo Dilma e avaliação das políticas de esquerda; no segundo: ideias-força de direita, confiança nas instituições de controle, confiança na mídia, avaliação do governo Temer e avaliação das políticas de esquerda. Concluiu-se que a confiança institucional e a simpatia ideológica ancoravam as representações sociais do cenário brasileiro na população universitária estudada.(AU)

The aim of this study was to test an explanatory theoretical model about the social representations about Brazilian social-political scenario in 2017, based on the following relations: representations were directly influenced by the trust in institutions, and this trust, determined by ideological sympathies. A sample of 164 college students - whose average age was 24 years - answered interval scales. We performed structural equation modeling to test the proposed model. The results indicated: the suitability of the model; two groups of variables presenting positive relations in the in-group comparison and negative relations in the comparisons between groups. The first group showed the variables: Leftist ideas-forces, trust in social movements, evaluation of Dilma's administration, and evaluation of Leftist policies; the second: Rightist ideas-forces, trust in control institutions, trust in the media, evaluation of Temer's administration, and evaluation of Leftist policies. In conclusion, the institutional trust and ideological sympathies anchored the social representations of the Brazilian scenery for the studied university population.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo probar un modelo teórico explicativo de las representaciones sociales en el escenario sociopolítico brasileño de 2017 según las siguientes relaciones: las representaciones estarían directamente influenciadas por la confianza en las instituciones, y esta confianza, determinada por las simpatías ideológicas. Participaron en este estudio 164 estudiantes universitarios, con edad media de 24 años, quienes respondieron a escalas intervalares. Se llevaron a cabo modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para probar el modelo teórico propuesto. Los resultados indicaron: adecuación del modelo; dos grupos de variables que presentaban relaciones positivas entre las variables del mismo grupo y negativas en la comparación intergrupal. El primer grupo incluía las variables: ideas-fuerza de la izquierda, confianza en los movimientos sociales, evaluación del gobierno de Dilma y evaluación de las políticas de la izquierda; el segundo: ideas-fuerza de la derecha, confianza en las instituciones de control, confianza en los medios de comunicación, evaluación del gobierno Temer y evaluación de las políticas de la izquierda. Se concluyó que la confianza institucional y la simpatía ideológica funcionaron como fundamentos de las representaciones sociales del escenario político brasileño en la población universitaria estudiada.(AU)

El impacto de la reforma Cabanis en la formación histórica de la universidad argentina y en la educación superior en salud / The impact of the Cabanis reform on the historical formation of the Argentine university and on higher education in health

RESUMEN En este ensayo, proponemos evaluar el impacto de la reforma Cabanis en la configuración del modelo de formación en salud que se hizo hegemónico en Argentina. Primero, analizamos la reestructuración del sistema educacional francés desencadenada por la revolución de 1789, principalmente en sus dimensiones político-institucionales. Segundo, discutimos brevemente el proceso de reconstrucción social, ideológica e institucional del sistema de salud en la Francia postrevolucionaria. Tercero, introducimos la reforma Cabanis, propuesta de enseñanza médica basada en profesionalismo, disciplinariedad y especialización que resultó en un sistema de enseñanza superior sin universidades, e indagamos en torno a sus principales aspectos curriculares y pedagógicos. Finalmente evaluamos la secuencia de eventos y procesos que, durante todo el siglo XIX, con fuerte gravitación cabanisiana a través de la Idéologie, conformaron los rasgos principales tanto de la enseñanza de la salud y de la medicina como del modelo de educación superior basado en facultades que actualmente predomina en la República Argentina.

ABSTRACT In this essay, we seek to evaluate the impact of the Cabanis reform on the configuration of the health education model that became hegemonic in Argentina. First, we analyze the restructuring of the French educational system triggered by the revolution of 1789, primarily in its political and institutional dimensions. Second, we briefly discuss the process of the social, ideological and institutional reconstruction of the health system in post-revolutionary France. Third, we introduce the Cabanis reform, a proposal for medical education based on professionalism, disciplinarity and specialization that resulted in a higher education system without universities, looking into its main curricular and pedagogical aspects. Finally, we evaluate the sequence of events and processes that, throughout the 19th century, with strong Cabanisian influence through the Idéologie, shaped both the principal features of teaching health and medicine and the higher education model based on faculties currently predominant in the Argentine Republic.

Historico-philosophical consideration on the social role of French doctor: medical anthropology of Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis (1757-1808) and the French code of medical deontology

Doctor's task cannot be limited to medical practice and research. As a citizen of society, and above all as a professional, doctors should not evade their social responsibilities. This idea was systematically developed and widely diffused throughout Europe by Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis (1757-1808). He was not only a doctor, but also a philosopher and a politician who lived at the time of the French Revolution. His philosophy on the nature of medicine and the social role of the doctor is conceptualized in his idea of medical anthropology (science de l'homme, anthropologie). In order to understand why the social role of the doctor was particularly emphasized in and around France, Cabanis' medical anthropology should be analyzed in depth. His medical anthropology is composed of three major domains: physiology, ethics, and analysis of ideologies. The following ideas of his medical anthropology can be identified in the current articles of the French code of medical deontology. 1) Health and disease being a social problem, a social solution should be sought (1.6, 1.7, 1.10, 2.37, 2.44, 2.50); 2) Medical practice is in principle not a commercial service for profit, but rather a public service supported by the government's power (1.12, 1.19, 1.21, 2.55, 3.57, 3.67); 3) Doctors should maintain their professional autonomy by establishing and observing the principles of self-regulation (1.1, 1.5, 1.31, 2.50, 5.109, 5.110). Referring to the historical experience of French doctors, the Korean medical community should also enter into a broad and fundamental reflection on the nature of medicine and the social role of the doctor.

El reinado del terror: observaciones neurológicas durante la decapitación / The reign of terror: neurologic observations during decapitation

El período comprendido entre junio de 1793 y julio de 1794 fue conocido en Francia como ¨El reinado del terror¨ o simplemente ¨El Terror¨. El levantamiento que ocurrió con el destronamiento de la monarquía, la preocupación de una invasión por parte de poderes monarquistas foráneos y el temor de una contrarrevolución por parte de los partidos pro monárquicos, todos combinados, condujeron a la nación al caos y al gobierno a un frenesí de locura. La mayoría de las reformas democráticas introducidas por la revolución fueron suspendidas y ejecuciones al mayor fueron llevadas a cabo mediante la guillotina, instrumento introducido por el Dr. Joseph Guillotin para proveer de una muerte efectiva y rápida. El tribunal revolucionario sentenció entre quince y cuarenta mil personas incluyendo a nobles, ciudadanos de a pie, intelectuales, políticos y prostitutas sin o con pocos motivos. La sospecha de ¨crímenes contra la libertad¨ fue suficiente para ganarse una cita con ¨Madame Guillotine¨. Algunos arguyeron que el instrumento lejos de ser rápido e indoloro, producía la más profunda y horrible tortura: el saber que se sería guillotinado y algunos estaban convencidos que existía una ventana de unos 25 segundos durante los cuales la cabeza decapitada respondía parpadeando o moviendo los ojos al llamado y retenía el reflejo corneal hasta por dos minutos

The period from June 1793 to July 1794 in France was known as the ¨Reign of Terror¨ or simply ¨the Terror¨. The upheaval following the overthrow of the monarchy, fear of invasion by foreign monarchist powers and the fear of counterrevolution from pro-monarchy parties within France all combined to throw the nation into chaos and the government into frenzied paranoia. Most of the democratic reforms of the revolution were suspended and wholesale executions by guillotine, the instrument introduced by Dr. Joseph Guillotine to provide a swift a death. The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced between 15 000 and 40 000 of nobles, commoners, intellectuals, politicians and prostitutes on little or no grounds. Suspicion of ¨crimes against liberty¨ was enough to earn one an appointment with ¨Madame Guillotine¨. Some felt the guillotine, far from being quick and painless, was an instrument of the most profound and horrible torture: to be aware of having been beheaded, and some felt that there was window of awareness of some of twenty five seconds in which the decapitated head blink and move the eyes on command, and retain corneal reflex a two minutes span

Jean-Paul Marat: Médico, científico y revolucionario / Jean-Paul Marat: Physician, scientist and revolutionary

Physician, scientist and revolutionary are the biographical aspects that had better summarize the life of Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793). Due to the role that he played during the French Revolution, his work as a physician and scientist, prior to the events of l789, was forgotten. Marat made important contributions in the area of optics and electricity reflected in numerous publications, as well as translating Newton's Opticks (1787). Well known for his radical and aggressive ideas, his political vocation led him to embrace the revolutionary cause after the events of the Bastille. His figure was not indifferent to his contemporaries; although considered a hero by the poorest citizens, aristocrats and bourgeois considered him a cruel extremist. During the last years of his life, he suffered a cutaneous disease, the diagnosis of which is still a matter of controversy. Proposed diagnoses include eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, scabies and dermatitis herpetica, among others. Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday in 1793, becoming a martyr for some segments of the society that worshiped his memory. He was a man with a complex and curious personality whose figure and legacy are still a matter of discussion.

Historia da cidadania / historiated citizenship

Exercer a cidadania plena é ter direitos civis, políticos e sociais. Este livro trata do processo histórico que levou a sociedade ocidental a conquistar esses direitos, assim como dos passos que faltam para integrar os que ainda não são cidadãos plenos. A obra, só com textos inéditos, escritos por alguns dos principais intelectuais brasileiros, começa com a pré-história da cidadania, analisa as bases da cidadania moderna, descreve sua expansão e, em seguida, traz a questão para o Brasil. HISTÓRIA DA CIDADANIA é obra de referência.

El verdadero Jean Paul Marat: La otra cara de la verdad / The real Jean Paul Marat: The other face of the truth

Este trabajo intenta realizar una aproximación a la personalidad de Jean Paul Marat, un médico que abandonó la medicina para dedicarse al activismo político ubicándose en la extrema izquierda durante la Revolución Francesa. Entre los hechos más destacados que protagonizó debemos señalar: 1. En vísperas de la Revolución Francesa dejó completamente de lado su profesión de médico. 2. En septiembre de 1789 comenzó a publicar un periódico, L’ami du peuple, en el que incitaba al uso del terror y la violencia contra sus enemigos. Para Marat el Terror era el instrumento legítimo de la revolución. 3. Estuvo a favor de medidas tan radicales como las llamadas Masacres de septiembre de 1792 de los "enemigos de la revolución" encarcelados, en las que cientos de prisioneros políticos fueron asesinados. 4. Durante el juicio del depuesto rey Luis XVI solicitó implacablemente la ejecución del rey "por el bien del pueblo". El rey fue guillotinado. 5. Estableció el Comité de vigilancia, cuyo papel declarado era eliminar de raíz a los contrarrevolucionarios, y compuso las listas negras a partir de los sospechosos de crímenes políticos. 6. Participó en el asesinato del líder de la revolución, Robespierre. 7. Participó personalmente en el arresto y sentencia de muerte en la guillotina de Antoine Lavoisier, considerado el padre de la química moderna, con quien Marat tenía un enfrentamiento por razones personales. 8. Fue asesinado y trascendió como mártir gracias a una pintura que realizó su correligionario Jacques-Louis David, en la que lo idealiza.

This paper is an approximation to real personality of Jean Paul Marat, a physician that is best known as an activist of the left branch, in the French Revolution. 1. On the eve of the French Revolution, Marat placed his career as a physician behind him, and devoted himself entirely to politics. 2. In September 1789, Marat began his own paper, L’Ami du people “The Friend of the People”. For him, "the Reign of Terror" was the instrument of revolution. In his paper he compiled "black lists". 3. Advocate of such violent measures as the September 1792 massacres of jailed “enemies of the Revolution”. He expressed suspicion of all those in power, and dubbed them “enemies of the people” that was put to imprision, and hundreds murders. 4. Implacably committed to his idea of securing the people's good through the monarch's Louis XVI death. 5. Marat played a personal part in the establishment of the Commission of Police, organism with he tending to damage yours enemies of that order and to draw off attention from the crimes and atrocities committed in its name and on its behalf. 6. Was in volved in the murder of Revolution leader, Robespierre. 7. It was personally involved in Antoine Lavoisier deliberate murder, with Marat meet an particular confront, and he instantly becomes a criminal and a monster. 8. He was murder in July 1793, and he is remembered by David famous masterpiece representing Marat, dead, in his bath, maintaining Marat's memory alive and respected.

Sobre um parágrafo de Michel Foucault: resposta a muitas questões? / About a paragraph of Michel Foucault: answer to many questions?

Em "Resposta a uma questão", artigo-réplica a perguntas encaminhadas a Michel Foucault pela revista Esprit, um parágrafo concernente às relações entre a constituição da medicina clínica e a Revolução Francesa nos parece, ainda hoje, paradigmático do modo de pensar foucaultiano. O presente ensaio dele parte, no intuito de distinguir a perspectiva foucaultiana daquelas ligadas à História das Mentalidades e à Sociologia do Conhecimento. Em seguida, usa-o como ferramenta analítica de uma recente polêmica, relativa a uma investigação que se propõe a mapear o cérebro de "adolescentes infratores". Avalia-se que o parágrafo mencionado faculta entender de modo singular o repúdio de uma parcela da intelectualidade e da militância ao projeto de pesquisa em pauta. Com isso, a "Resposta a uma questão" se amplia a uma resposta a muitas questões, especialmente ao que se pode entender por defesa dos Direitos Humanos no campo dos saberes e regimes de verdade.

In "Response to a question", a Michel Foucault's paper in which he answers questions sent by the journal Esprit, a paragraph concerning the relationship between the formation of clinical medicine and the French Revolution seems to be, even today, paradigmatic of the Foucaultian way of thinking. This essay is based on that paragraph, in order to distinguish Foucault's perspective from the History of Mentalities and the Sociology of Knowledge. The essay uses the same paragraph as a tool to analyze a recent controversy, linked to an investigation that intends to map the brains of "juvenile delinquents". We think that the aforementioned paragraph allows us to understand in a unique way the rejection that a parcel of the intellectuality and the militancy directed to that research project. In this sense, "Response to a question" is extended to answers to many questions, especially to the way one can understand the defense of Human Rights in the field of knowledge and regimes of truth.

Los médicos y la Revolución Francesa. Marat, médico y político revolucionario / The medicals and the French Revolution. Marat, medical and revolutionary political

Se realiza una introducción a la situación política, social y económica, previa a la revolución fracnesa de 1789, y preparatoria a los hechos que se desarrollaran durante esa revolución burguesa. Se analizan los hechos históricos y el surgimiento de personalidades del espectro científico y en particular del médico, representado en la persona de Jean Paul Marat.

Breve história da ciência moderna: v. 3: das luzes ao sonho do Doctor Frankenstein (séc. XVIII) / Brief history of modern science: v. 3: the lights to the dream of Doctor Frankenstein (XVIII)

A série "Breve História da Ciência Moderna" apresenta - em linguagem acessível para um público amplo - o processo de desenvolvimento do pensamento científico em seus diversos contextos históricos. Esse terceiro volume trata da consolidação da racionalidade científica, no auge do Iluminismo, e também de sua crítica ao longo do século XVIII. As Revoluções Francesa e Industrial definiram um novo mundo, no qual a razão e a objetividade se estabeleceram definitivamente como padrão de verdade. Assim, o poder da nova sociedade deveria estar necessariamente entrelaçado com a ciência, unindo filosofia e técnica. Apesar do sucesso alcançado por essa visão mecanicista, outras manifestações filosóficas e artísticas começaram a contestar a concepção do homem e do Universo como máquinas. O leitor tomará contato com essa discussão, em uma ampla abordagem do panorama científico, artístico e social de uma época que, com suas revoluções, marcou definitivamente o mundo ocidental. Projetada em cinco volumes, a série trata do conhecimento científico que se desenvolveu num curto período de tempo da história da humanidade - da Idade Média até hoje.

Aging and Gender Specific Quality of Life: Seventh crucial life

The role of doctors in ancient China was that of Prevention as opposed to curios, and illness was a just cause for execution. Much later, at the time of the French Revolution. Saint-Just evolved a new concept around the idea of happiness. As we can see in modem times, this idea is no longer a fad but a precious right that we humans can cherish and also means the quality and longevity of life. Of course this meaning cannot be the same for all people, and more so as humans are the most complex of all living nature. Even all this stage I feel it is so difficult to discuss the quality of life per so, as we all have different physical, emotional and material needs and modem science still cannot uncover the mystery of life. 4 concept of quality of life already been included in the WHO definition of has health where well-feeling is as necessary as well-being, both being of concern to medical doctors. I personally feel that the role of doctors is not simply to cure diseases but how we can help patients extend their span of life to live more actively and fulfillingly, the quality of life should not only deal with the prevention and cure of illnesses, but touch all aspects of aging. Aging in itself is quite mutual with any kind of disease and disability; the expansion and reduction of our lifespan depends so much on the exposure to disease and how aging affects both sexes diversely is one important factor when considering the quality of life. It could be said that our bodies are always in a state of homeostasis where biological destruction and development arise. This process is naturally called aging. However, passing through every seven year cycle we are dressing up our quality of life against various physical and mental experiences, while maintaining a steady state of homeostasis, and therefor face aging and different environmental changes. As a physician and being in a profession where we can influence ones quality of life. I feel it is imperative to study how aging is related to endocrinology and its disease, and the different outcomes of diseases and symptoms shown by males and females. In my study, I have generally classified our life span into seven crucial stages of aging and dealt with "Aging and gender how its physiology affects the quality of life".